Při běžném rozhovoru  časo chceme někomu povědět, co někdo jiný řekl. Pokud přesně citujeme, co někdo řekl, jedná se o tak zvanou přímou řeč.

The teacher said, "There will be a test tomorrow."

Nicméně přirozenější je použít přímou řeč.

The teacher told us that there would be a test tomorrow.

Tato kapitola Vás naučí, jak přímou řeč přeměnit na řeč nepřímou.

1.1.Reported statements

Když se přímá řeč mění na nepřímou, dochází k několika  změnám. Ve všech větách odejmeme čárku i uvozovky.

Použijeme  sloveso například  say, tell, ask apod.. Následuje slovíčko that.

Je nutné změnit zájmena tak, aby původní význam věty zůstal nezměněn.

Nakonec změníme gramatické časy – jedná se o takzvaný gramatický posun.

• Simple Present            to                 Simple Past

He works                                   he worked       
 

Jane said, "I am happy."
Jane said that she was happy.

I became she because Jane was talking about herself.
 

• Present Continuous                 to               Past Continuous

He is working                                     he was working

Tom said, "Jackie is studying."
Tom said that Jackie was studying.

• Present Perfect              to               Past Perfect

He has worked                             he had worked

 
Sheila said, "Andrew has left already."
Sheila said that Andrew had left already.
 

• Simple Future             to                  Past Future

He will work                               he would work

Mark said, "I will be here tomorrow."
Mark said that he would be here tomorrow.

• Future Continuous                to                  Past Future Continuous

He will be working                              he would be working

Jackie said, "I will be visiting my family in Poland."
Jackie said that she would be visiting her family in Poland.

• Future Perfect            to                Past Future Perfect
  He will have worked                            he would have lived           

Anna said, "I will have lived in Prague for ten years by the year 2010."
Anna said that she would have lived in Prague for ten years by the year 2010.

• Future Perfect Continuous            to               Past Future Perfect Continuous

He will have been working                              would have been working

Thomas said, "I will have been living in Prague for five years by the year 2010."
Thomas said that he would have been living in Prague for five years by the year 2010.

• Simple Future Substitute           to                Past Future Substitute

He is going to work                             he was going to work
 

Alex said, "I am going to go to the shop later."
Alex said that she was going to go to the shop later.
 

• Simple Past             to                 Past Perfect

He worked                             he had worked

Clair said, "The students had problems with the test."
Clair said that the students had had problems with the test.

Sloveso „to have“ dělává často problémy. Nezapomeňte!!! Minulý čas slovesa have je HAD. Předminulý čas je HAD HAD.

• Past Continuous             to                Past Perfect Continuous

He was working                             he had been working
 

Bethany said, "I was watching television."
Bethany said that she had been watching television.

• Past Perfect             to               Past Perfect    Beze změny!!!!
  He had worked                            he had worked

Eve said, "I had already eaten an octopus."
Eve said that she had already eaten an octopus.

• Past Perfect Continous          to                Past Perfect Continuous   Beze změny!!!!

He had been working                             he had been working
 

Miriam said, "I had been reading."
Miriam said that she had been reading.
 

• Present/Future ability or possiblity             to               Past ability or posibility

He can work                             he could work

 
Alan said, "I can work  every day."
Alan said that he could work every day.
 

• Present/Future Possibility          to                  Past Possibility

He may work                            he might work
 

Sheila said, "I may buy a new bike."
Sheila said that she might buy a new bike.
   

• Present/Future Necessity        to                Past Necessity

He must/have to/have got to work                             he had to work

  
Caren said, "You must do your homework."
Caren told us that we had to do our homework.

Sam said, "You have to be ready to solve it."
Sam told us that we had to be ready to solve it.

Norman said, "You have got to study to pass the test."
Norman told us that we had to study to pass the test.
 

• Imperative/Command             to              Infinitive

Work!                               to work
 

Her teacher said, "Go to your classroom."
Her teacher told her to go to her classroom.
 

1.2.Reported questions

Pokud chceme do nepřímé řeči přepsat otázku v přímé řeči, dochází ke stejným změnám jako u oznamovacích vět. (změna osoby, posun gramatických časů, změna zájmen).

U nepřímé řeči se ale již nejedná o otázku, to znamená, že otázka ztrácí své původní znaky a z věty se stane věta oznamovací. Pořadí slov se mění na podmět   -  přísudek .

• Yes/No Questions                             If  Clauses
   

Harold asked, "Would you like to take a break."  - Yes/No
Harold asked if we would like to take a break.

Peter: "Do you play football?"

Peter asked me whether I played football.

• Questions with question words (when, where, why, who, how )

Peter: "When do you play football?"               

Peter asked me when I played football

1.1.Time change

Pokud věta, kterou převádíme do nepřímé řeči obsahuje časový údaj, musíme ho také změnit, aby souhlasil s gramatickým časem použitým v nepřímé řeči.

1.2.Reported verbs

Nejpoužívanější jsou slovesa   said, told, asked.   Existuje ale mnoho dalších sloves, která mohou být použita jestliže převádíme nepřímou řeč na přímou.

Naučte se je podle následujícího seznamu.

Pokud se je naučíte používat, vaše řeč bude zajímavější ale také informativnější.